Auflistung nach Schlagwort "OPC UA"
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- KonferenzbeitragDynamic Updates of Virtual PLCs deployed as Kubernetes Microservices(Software Engineering 2022, 2022) Koziolek, Heiko; Burger, AndreasIndustrial control systems (e.g. programmable logic control\-lers, PLC or distributed control systems, DCS) cyclically execute control algorithms to automated production processes. Nowadays, for many applications their deployment is moving from dedicated embedded controllers into more flexible container environments, thus becoming ''Virtual PLCs''. It is difficult to update such containerized Virtual PLCs during runtime by switching to a newer instance, which requires transferring internal state. Former research has only proposed dynamic update approaches for single embedded controllers, while other work introduced special Kubernetes (K8s) state replication approaches, which did not support cyclic real-time applications. We propose a dynamic update mechanism for Virtual PLCs deployed as K8s microservices. This approach is based on a purpose-built K8s Operator and allows control application updates without halting the production processes. Our experimental validation shows that the approach can support the internal state transfer of large industrial control applications (100.000 state variables) within only 15 percent of the available cycle slack time. Therefore, the approach creates vast opportunities for updating applications on-the-fly and migrating them between nodes in a cloud-native fashion.
- TextdokumentGossip protocol approach for a decentralized energy market with OPC UA client-server communication(INFORMATIK 2020, 2021) Schindler, Josef; Tellabi, Asmaa; Waedt, KarlGossiping is a well-researched protocol that enables decentralized information sharing. Being comparable to viruses spreading in a biological population, such concepts of data sharing are also called epidemic protocol. Without wanting to be impious with respect to recent pandemics, we propose its usage to facilitate a peer-to-peer (P2P) market for sharing energy between flexible loads or generation units, respectively. Gossip algorithms have been proposed several times in the context of power sharing in transmission grids. Our main contribution is the integration of such scenario with OPC UA. Comprising security by design, good interoperability attributes, several, well-maintained stack implementations and a widespread usage in automation, it reveals to be an outstanding framework for the proposed use case that will be explained in the first sections. After describing underlying physical models and the setup scenario, we will compare the results of the scenario that was conducted on non-OPC UA modules and an OPC UA implementation. Mostly, the performance is questioned at the comparison, still some beneficial concepts of OPC UA can be highlighted in the conclusion: Security controls can be added to the system at the Application Layer where Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) can be performed, which allows a fine granularity of privileges expressed for subjects (agents in the gossiping algorithms) and objects (energy related assets) via semi-formal security policies. Additionally, UA Discovery service allows for plug and play availability. Concluding, a framework for a very efficient large-area algorithm is presented here to be researched in further work.
- KonferenzbeitragAn idea of using Digital Twin to perform the functional safety and cybersecurity analysis(INFORMATIK 2019: 50 Jahre Gesellschaft für Informatik – Informatik für Gesellschaft (Workshop-Beiträge), 2019) Lou, Xinxin; Guo, Yun; Gao, Yuan; Waedt, Karl; Parekh, MithilCurrent power plants, including nuclear power plants are based on digital technology. According to the Industry 4.0 concepts, similarly to the intelligent manufacturing for new factories, the use of digital twins for power plants is expected to progress. Researchers do the safety and cybersecurity analysis from various perspectives utilize different approaches, e.g. on the safety side, the FMEA (Failure Mode & Effect Analysis), FMECA (Failure mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis) are recommended by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) to do the reliability analysis. On the cybersecurity part, researchers do the analysis only with a focus on the communication protocol, the code/memory level or on the system functionality. We have addressed refueling machines as an example for the joint consideration of functional safety and cybersecurity in previous publications. Whereas in this paper, we propose to do a functionality and cybersecurity analysis based on the digital twin of an ICS (Industrial Control System). We take the refueling machine as an example and discuss how to twin the refueling machine with high detail firstly. In addition, the possible way of how to model the ICS is discussed, e.g. the Automation ML will be used to describe the system, the OPC UA will be applied to implement the communication. Then the feasibility and benefit of analyzing the system functionality and cybersecurity based on the digital twin model are discussed.
- TextdokumentInteroperability and Security Challenges of Industry 4.0(INFORMATIK 2017, 2017) Watson, Venesa; Tellabi, Asmaa; Sassmannahausen, Jochen; Lou, XinxinIndustrie 4.0 (I4.0) is the fourth industrial revolution, which will see the digital transformation of manufacturing, through the integration on Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Data and Services, and the convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT). With any such transformation, there exists challenges that must first be addressed for a successful outcome. For I4.0, these are interoperability and security, which respectively arise from the interconnection of devices from different manufacturers and/or with different communication protocols; and the interconnection of networks with competing critical and non-critical traffic, and the increased access to initially isolated networks. This paper presents an overview of standards, such as IEC 62443, the ISO 27000 series, IEC 62541 Open Connectivity Unified Architecture (OPC UA) and Time Sensitive Networks (TSN) (IEEE 1722-2016), which addresses these challenges.
- KonferenzbeitragInteroperability of fast charging station with battery booster(INFORMATIK 2019: 50 Jahre Gesellschaft für Informatik – Informatik für Gesellschaft (Workshop-Beiträge), 2019) Schindler, Josef; Watson, Venesa; Waedt, KarlBefore a high proportion of Electric Vehicles (EV) will be deployed, sufficient charging infrastructure for these EVs must be provided. In Germany, this deployment is hindered by the lack of a universal standard for the geometry of the charging plugs, the different charging voltage levels, the structure of data that is provided by the charging station and so forth. Related standards such as ISO/IEC 15118 and ISO/IEC 61850, respectively addresses front-end communication between EVs and common charging stations and defines communication messages for grid automation. Whilst ISO/IEC 15118 does address interoperability between charging infrastructures from different manufacturers, its restriction to front-end communication limits the extent of advanced interoperability. In this paper, we investigate the interoperability on battery boosted charging stations based on OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). OPC UA, powered by the OPC Foundation, is the primary interoperability standard for Industry 4.0 (I4.0). OPC UA enables data exchange regardless of the manufacturer of individual components. OPC UA can be implemented in embedded devices and controllers without considering additional “black boxes”, “windows boxes” or gateways in front of the equipment. This level of interoperability provides significant cost-saving for the utilities during all lifecycle phases. It also ensures transparent data acquisition for customers. In this paper, an example of fast charging station with battery booster is used to demonstrate the interoperability feature of OPC UA compared to that of ISO/IEC 15118. Also, their differing structure makes it necessary to consider these charging stations separately from common ones. Therefore, various data representation formats are utilized to show information sharing within two model user groups.
- TextdokumentNeutral Interoperability Testbeds(INFORMATIK 2021, 2021) Rohrmus, Dominik; Simon, Anja; Willner, Alexander; Rentschler, MarkusThe open, neutral, pre-competitive, ministerial financed five testbeds of the non-profit German industry association Labs Network Industrie 4.0 are based on more than 120 active Industrie 4.0 use cases. Almost all address the topic of cross-vendor interoperability. The testbeds support future standard development by a neutral validation process. This process is fully aligned with the standardization bodies like IEEE or IEC and covered by liaison contracts. The testbeds cover the areas of the Asset Administration Shell, OPC UA companion specifications, TSN and Edge Management. The BMWi Industry 4.0 Competence Centers like Augsburg are the host of the testbed and provides a factory hall as well as all the technical equipment for the document work and the implementation.
- KonferenzbeitragSecure Granular Interoperability with OPC UA(INFORMATIK 2019: 50 Jahre Gesellschaft für Informatik – Informatik für Gesellschaft (Workshop-Beiträge), 2019) Watson, Venesa; Sassmannshausen, Jochen; Waedt, KarlOpen Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA) is the communication standard earmarked for future industrial automation, particularly for the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) infrastructure where it provides the key services for interoperability and built-in communication security. OPC UA defines several models for these services and has already been deployed by industrial partners in their efforts to achieve I4.0 market readiness and to provide more robust systems. Of particular interest is the security services offered by OPC UA, as they are expected to strengthen the security posture of industrial automation systems, which have so far suffered a number of sophisticated cyber-attacks. In general, cyber-attacks are more severe based on the level of access acquired by the attacker, for example, an attacker with unrestricted administrative level access can issue more powerful commands. It is safe to say then that a more stringent access control security concept can offer systems greater protection from unauthorized access. Several access control models exist, which are categorized under two headings discretionary (data owners/users set the access control rules) and non-discretionary (security administrators control the access granted to users). Here, a non-discretionary access control model, namely the attributebased access control (ABAC) model is compared to the role-based access control (also nondiscretionary) typically assumed with OPC UA, to ascertain how a more granular security structure with ABAC could provide additional security advantages for industry.
- TextdokumentTowards Integrating Multi-Agent Organizations in OPC UA for Developing Adaptive Cyber-Physical Systems(INFORMATIK 2022, 2022) Sudeikat,Jan; Kohler-Bußmeier,MichaelDeveloping adaptive Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) requires integrating physical components with run-time controls which monitor and adjust the operation of components appropriately. The use of multiagent systems (MAS) is an established approach for embedding adaptive features and the integration of multiagent systems in industrial systems is an active field of research. Industry standards, like OPC UA, allow for vendor independent information exchange and unit control in industrial settings. Here, we propose to represent MAS organizations within OPC UA information models. The organization of a MAS can be seen as a crosscutting concern in structing and integration distributed adaptive applications. Explicit modelling allows to express organizational structures in industrial settings and enables monitoring of these structures at run- time with established tools and frameworks for industrial control.