Schüle, Maximilian EmanuelKemper, AlfonsNeumann, ThomasKönig-Ries, BirgittaScherzinger, StefanieLehner, WolfgangVossen, Gottfried2023-02-232023-02-232023978-3-88579-725-8https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/40392Although database systems perform well in data access and manipulation, their relational model hinders data scientists from formulating machine learning algorithms in SQL. Nevertheless, we argue that modern database systems perform well for machine learning algorithms expressed in relational algebra. To overcome the barrier of the relational model, this paper shows how to transform data into a relational representation for training neural networks in SQL: We first describe building blocks for data transformation in SQL. Then, we compare an implementation for model training using array data types to the one using a relational representation in SQL-92 only. The evaluation proves the suitability of modern database systems for matrix algebra, although specialised array data types perform better than matrices in relational representation.enSQL-92Neural NetworksAutomatic DifferentiationText/Conference Paper10.18420/BTW2023-09