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- ZeitschriftenartikelA Federated Approach to Enterprise Architecture Model Maintenance(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2007) Fischer, Ronny; Aier, Stephan; Winter, RobertEnterprise architecture is gaining acceptance as an approach to manage change and foster IT/business alignment by (1) propagating strategy and process changes to the software and infrastructure level, by (2) supporting consistent business transformation enabled by technology innovations, and by (3) decoupling business-oriented and technology-oriented architectures. Due to constant change in business as well as in technology, enterprise architecture management is a permanent process rather than a one-time effort. To keep enterprise architecture models up-to-date, a well-engineered maintenance concept including processes, roles and schedules is needed. This paper discusses the shortcomings of existing approaches to enterprise architecture model maintenance, proposes a federated approach, and reports on its implementation at a large financial service provider.
- ZeitschriftenartikelIntegrating Architectural Models - Symbolic, Semantic and Subjective Models in Enterprise Architecture(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2007) Arbab, Farhad; de Boer, Frank; Bonsangue, Marcello; Lankhorst, Marc; Proper, Erik; van der Torre, LeendertThe diversity of architectural models in enterprise architecture poses a problem to their integration. Without such integration the effectiveness of these models in the process of architecting enterprises diminishes. In this paper we make a distinction between three classes of models. We will illustrate how the distinctions can be used for model integration within the architectural approach. Symbolic models express properties of architec-tures of systems, semantic models interpret the symbols used in symbolic models, and subjective models are purposely abstracted conceptions of a domain. Building on results obtained in the ArchiMate project, we il-lustrate how symbolic models can be integrated using an architectural language, how integrated models can be updated using the distinction between symbolic models and their visualization, and how semantic models can be integrated using a new kind of enterprise analysis called semantic analysis.
- ZeitschriftenartikelGenerating Visualizations of Enterprise Architectures using Model Transformations(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2007) Buckl, Sabine; Ernst, Alexander M.; Lankes, Josef; Matthes, Florian; Schweda, Christian M.; Wittenburg, AndréGiving account to the importance of enterprise architecture (EA) modeling, we identify issues in visualization handling that we came across during an extensive survey of existing tools for EA management. We then point to the fundamental principles of software cartography, an approach for EA modeling, including a method for the automatic creation of visualizations based on EA models. This approach is based on model transformations, which link the data to be visualized and their graphical representation, thereby circumventing the error-prone and time-consuming task of manual creation of the visual models. A brief overview of a prototypic implementation of this approach illustrates the practical applicability for visual modeling and documenting EA.
- ZeitschriftenartikelEditorial(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2007) Frank, Ulrich
- ZeitschriftenartikelModelling of Cross-Organizational Business Processes - Current Methods and Standards(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2007) Ziemann, Jörg; Matheis, Thomas; Freiheit, JörnNot only since the upcoming of Service-oriented Architectures the modelling of cross-organizational business processes is a heavily investigated field comprising dozens of standards based on different concepts. New techniques on the implementation site, e.g. Web Service orchestration and choreography, further extended the possibilities and requirements on such standards. To systematically order and present a comprehensive state of the art of relevant methods and standards this paper first describes requirements that occur in cross-organizational business processes both for concepts and modelling languages. Then the most important state of the art concepts for modelling cross-organizational processes are described. Based on the requirements defined before and the presented concepts, selected modelling languages are analysed.
- ZeitschriftenartikelEditorial(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2007) Frank, Ulrich
- ZeitschriftenartikelObject Dynamics Formalization Using Object Flows within UML State Machines(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2007) Boubana-Tebibel, ThourayaUML, the de-facto standard for object-oriented modeling, currently still lacks a rigorously defined semantics for its models. This makes formal analysis and verification of model properties extremely difficult. OCL, the Object Constraint Language is part of UML for the expression of system properties. To validate formally these properties, we first present a technique for transforming a UML object life cycle model into Object Petri nets. We are especially interested in the modeling of communicating systems and for this purpose we use the state machines as models of the object behaviour. Secondly, we resort to the object and sequence diagrams which provide respectively identified objects and events for initializing the Petri nets derived from the state machines. Thirdly, validation of OCL invariants which are translated into temporal logic properties to be checked on the Petri nets derived from the UML models, requires integration of object flows within the state machines. These object flows express the dynamic creation and deletion of objects in the class association ends. Our interest in the association ends is motivated by the fact that they constitute the most important constructs of OCL expressions. A case study is provided throughout the paper to illustrate the methodology.
- ZeitschriftenartikelOpen Reference Models - Community-driven Collaboration to Promote Development and Dissemination of Reference Models(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2007) Frank, Ulrich; Strecker, StefanReference models constitute a reification of a promising vision: Higher quality of information systems at less cost through reuse of confirmed domain knowledge and systems design. Paradoxically, however, development and, in particular, reuse of reference models has been rather limited both in practice and academia. In this paper, we develop the notion of open reference models based on analogies to free and open source software development. We show how “openness” of reference models affects their development and use, and outline strategic options for a first open reference modelling initiative. Our findings suggest that community-driven collaborative modelling projects resolve the current paradox of reference model research and practice. Earlier versions appeared as [FrSK07a] and [FrSK07b]. Preliminary considerations are provided in [KoSF06].
- ZeitschriftenartikelUsing a Specification Data Model for Specification of Black-Box Software Components(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2007) Ackermann, JörgCompositional plug-and-play-like reuse of black-box components requires sophisticated techniques to specify components. In the past little attention has been paid to the use of a conceptual data model to guide behavioral specification of components. In this paper we show how specifications are limited if no such data model is used and overcome these limitations by introducing the concept of a component specification data model. Additionally we propose a solution on how to obtain interface specification data models that are integrated and consistent with the component specification data model.
- ZeitschriftenartikelManagement of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA)-based Application Systems(Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal: Vol. 2, Nr. 1, 2007) Berbner, Rainer; Grollius, Tobias; Repp, Nicolas; Eckert, Julian; Heckmann, Oliver; Ortner, Erich; Steinmetz, RalfFlexible business processes are a key success factor for enterprises to succeed in globalized markets. The Service-oriented Architecture (SoA) concept is very well suited to support flexible business processes and their underlying application systems because services can be composed in an efficient way to achieve a high level of agility. However, the management of SoA-founded application systems is often neglected. Thus, in this paper we conclude and extend our previous work on the enhancement of the generic SoA-based concept by additional management functionality, e.g. monitoring mechanisms and SLA management. As a validation of our concept we introduce WSQoSX, a prototypical implementation based on Web Services.