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- KonferenzbeitragA Consumer Perspective on Privacy Risk Awareness of Connected Car Data Use(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Jakobi, Timo; Alizadeh, Fatemeh; Marburger, Martin; Stevens, GunnarNew cars are increasingly "connected" by default. Since not having a car is not an option for many people, understanding the privacy implications of driving connected cars and using their data-based services is an even more pressing issue than for expendable consumer products. While risk-based approaches to privacy are well established in law, they have only begun to gain traction in HCI. These approaches are understood not only to increase acceptance but also to help consumers make choices that meet their needs. To the best of our knowledge, perceived risks in the context of connected cars have not been studied before. To address this gap, our study reports on the analysis of a survey with 18 open-ended questions distributed to 1,000 households in a medium-sized German city. Our findings provide qualitative insights into existing attitudes and use cases of connected car features and, most importantly, a list of perceived risks themselves. Taking the perspective of consumers, we argue that these can help inform consumers about data use in connected cars in a user-friendly way. Finally, we show how these risks fit into and extend existing risk taxonomies from other contexts with a stronger social perspective on risks of data use.
- KonferenzbeitragIT-Supported Request Management for Clinical Radiology: Analyzing the Radiological Order Workflow through Contextual Interviews(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Krop, Philipp; Straka, Samantha; Ullrich, Melanie; Ertl, Maximilian; Latoschik, Marc ErichRequests for radiological examinations in large medical facilities are a distributed and complex process with potential health-related risks for patients. A user-centered qualitative analysis with contextual interviews uncovered nine core problems, which hinder work efficiency and patient care: (1) Difficulties to access patient data & requests, (2) the large number of phone calls, (3) restricted & abused access rights, (4) request status difficult to track, (5) paper notes used for patient data, (6) lack of assistance for data entry, (7) frustration through documentation, (8) IT-systems not self-explanatory, and (9) conflict between physicians and radiologists. Contextual interviews were found to be a well fitting method to analyze and understand this complex process with multiple user roles. This analysis showed that there is room for improvement in the underlying IT systems, workflows and infrastructure. Our data gave useful insight into solutions to these problems and how we can use technology to improve all aspects of the request management. We are currently addressing those issues with a user-centered design process to design and implement a mobile application, which we will present in future work.
- KonferenzbeitragWhich UX Aspects Are Important for a Software Product?: Importance Ratings of UX Aspects for Software Products for Measurement with the UEQ+(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Meiners, Anna-Lena; Kollmorgen, Jessica; Schrepp, Martin; Thomaschewski, JörgQuestionnaires are a popular method to measure User Experience (UX). These UX questionnaires cover different UX aspects with their scales. However, UX includes a huge number of semantically different aspects of a user’s interaction with a product. It is therefore practically impossible to cover all these aspects in a single evaluation study. A researcher must select those UX aspects that are most important to the users of the product under investigation. Some papers examined which UX aspects are important for specific product categories. Participants in these studies rated the importance of UX aspects for different product categories. These categories were described by a category name and several examples for products in this category. In principle, the results of these studies can be used to indicate which UX aspects should be measured for a particular product in the corresponding product category. This is especially useful for modular frameworks, e.g., the UEQ+, that allow to create a questionnaire by selecting the relevant scales from a catalog of predefined scales. In this paper, it is investigated how accurate the UX aspect suggestions derived from category-level studies are for individual products. The results show that the predicted importance of a UX aspect from the category is fairly precise.
- KonferenzbeitragDemonstrating ScreenshotMatcher: Taking Smartphone Photos to Capture Screenshots(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Schmid, Andreas; Fischer, Thomas; Weichart, Alexander; Hartmann, Alexander; Wimmer, RaphaelTaking screenshots is a common way of capturing screen content to share it with others or save it for later. Even though all major desktop operating systems come with a screenshot function, a lot of people also use smartphone cameras to photograph screen contents instead. While users see this method as faster and more convenient, image quality is significantly lower. This paper is a demonstration of ScreenshotMatcher, a system that allows for capturing a highfidelity screenshot by taking a smartphone photo of (part of) the screen. A smartphone application sends a photo of the screen region of interest to a program running on the PC which retrieves the corresponding screen region with a feature matching algorithm. The result is sent back to the smartphone. As phone and PC communicate via WiFi, ScreenshotMatcher can also be used together with any PC in the same network running the application – for example to capture screenshots from a colleague’s PC. Released as open-source code, ScreenshotMatcher may be used as a basis for applications and research prototypes that bridge the gap between PC and smartphone.
- KonferenzbeitragScreen me, Smartphone! Using an AI-Screening Tool to Assists Underage Refugees in Recognizing Potential Traumatization(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Mühl, Lisa; Horstmann, Aike C.; Wittenborn, André; Storch, Dunja; Krajewski, JarekMany refugees experience critical life events or traumatic injuries during their flights. Here, underaged, (un)accompanied refugees are a particularly vulnerable group. To date, there are insufficient support structures that recognize the specific demands and allow for careful and early identification of indicators of traumatization or behavioral problems. As an approach to counteract these deficits and support underage refugees, the TraM project investigates the potential of an AI-based screening tool providing indications of post-traumatic stress disorder via speech-emotion-recognition. A data collection for standardized learning data was conducted as a basis for the described screening module and the planned algorithms for automatic classification. We encountered several challenges such as insufficient data quality, uncertain classifications, and comorbidities such as depression as potentially confounding factors. Accordingly, emphasis lays on using the screening module for an initial examination of mental health and potential traumatization. This may encourage affected underage refugees to seek the help that is often highly needed.
- KonferenzbeitragInvestigating the Sense of Presence Between Handcrafted and Panorama Based Virtual Environments(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Schäfer, Alexander; Reis, Gerd; Stricker, DidierVirtual Reality applications are becoming increasingly mature. The requirements and complexity of such systems is steadily increasing. Realistic and detailed environments are often omitted in order to concentrate on the interaction possibilities within the application. Creating an accurate and realistic virtual environment is not a task for laypeople, but for experts in 3D design and modeling. To save costs and avoid hiring experts, panorama images are often used to create realistic looking virtual environments. These images can be captured and provided by non-experts. Panorama images are an alternative to handcrafted 3D models in many cases because they offer immersion and a scene can be captured in great detail with the touch of a button. This work investigates whether it is advisable to recreate an environment in detail by hand or whether it is recommended to use panorama images for virtual environments in certain scenarios. For this purpose, an interactive virtual environment was created in which a handmade 3D environment is almost indistinguishable from an environment created with panorama images. Interactive elements were added and a user study was conducted to investigate the effect of both environments to the user. The study conducted indicates that panorama images can be a useful substitute for 3D modeled environments.
- KonferenzbeitragThe (Mobile) Driving Experience Lab: Bridging Research and Knowledge Transfer to the General Public(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Schartmüller, Clemens; Riener, Andreas; Pfeilschifter, Claus; Hegner, FranziskaIn interdisciplinary human-computer interaction (HCI) research, user studies are essential. Due to easy attainability, flexible schedules, etc., these studies are primarily conducted with students. Depending on the application, however, this often does not yield results that are representative of the respective target group(s). Getting these to the, e.g., driving simulator is tedious, time-consuming, and costly. To address this issue, we have integrated a driving simulator mockup into a trailer to bring the lab directly to the target groups. It allows researchers to diversify their samples for research studies. In addition, the lab can also be used for a broad knowledge transfer to society.We hypothesize that academics and practitioners will benefit from having easy access to the general public as well as specific target groups by reducing the barrier to study participation. In this paper, we outline the development steps for this lab, present its core features, and discuss potential applications.
- KonferenzbeitragAuditing the Biases Enacted by YouTube for Political Topics in Germany(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Heuer, Hendrik; Hoch, Hendrik; Breiter, Andreas; Theocharis, YannisWith YouTube’s growing importance as a news platform, its recommendation system came under increased scrutiny. Recognizing YouTube’s recommendation system as a broadcaster of media, we explore the applicability of laws that require broadcasters to give important political, ideological, and social groups adequate opportunity to express themselves in the broadcasted program of the service. We present audits as an important tool to enforce such laws and to ensure that a system operates in the public’s interest. To examine whether YouTube is enacting certain biases, we collected video recommendations about political topics by following chains of ten recommendations per video. Our findings suggest that YouTube’s recommendation system is enacting important biases. We find that YouTube is recommending increasingly popular but topically unrelated videos. The sadness evoked by the recommended videos decreases while the happiness increases.We discuss the strong popularity bias we identified and analyze the link between the popularity of content and emotions.We also discuss how audits empower researchers and civic hackers to monitor complex machine learning (ML)-based systems like YouTube’s recommendation system.
- KonferenzbeitragPaul Gerber, Marvin Heidinger, Julia Stiegelmayer, Nina Gerber(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Gerber, Paul; Heidinger, Marvin; Stiegelmayer, Julia; Gerber, NinaAktuelle Steuerungssysteme für Smart Home-Geräte wie Amazon Echo setzen vorwiegend auf eine zentrale Datenverarbeitung auf den unternehmenseigenen Servern. Da Smart Home- Geräte potenziell sensitive Daten erfassen, führt dies häufig zu Privatsphärebedenken auf Seiten der Nutzenden. Eine Privatsphärefreundliche Alternative besteht in der lokalen Verarbeitung der Smart Home Daten, welche die Smart Home-Systeme zusätzlich vor Hacking-Angriffen schützen würde. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir in einem iterativen “Human-in-the-Loop”-Prozess LOKI entwickelt, ein Interface, welches die Steuerung eines smarten Haushalts mittels lokaler Informationsverarbeitung ermöglicht. Zusätzlich bietet LOKI die Option, bestimmte Routinen festzulegen, was eine Aufgaben-basierte Steuerung ermöglicht, welche eine natürlichere Interaktion mit den Smart Home-Geräten ermöglicht als eine Gerätebasierte Steuerung.
- KonferenzbeitragA Distributed Virtual Reality Study Under COVID-19 Conditions - Comparing Continuous and Non-Continuous Locomotion Techniques in Mobile VR(Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband, 2021) Dresel, Markus; Jochems, NicoleThe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic complicates empirical virtual reality (VR) research and especially laboratory studies. As an alternative study design, we conducted a distributed VR study that took place in the participants’ homes, using mobile VR goggles and personal smartphones. We investigated the influence of two different locomotion techniques on presence, usability, and cybersickness. Subjects were asked to solve a navigation task once with the continuous “Look-Down-to-Move” technique and once with the non-continuous “Point-And-Teleport” technique. Surprisingly, the two locomotion techniques performed comparably well on all variables assessed. The study design showed to be understandable and conductible for the subjects. However, we found that (1) hardware limitations of the used smartphones and (2) confounding factors that are beyond the control of the experimenters could have distorted the results of the study.We propose using uniform hardware and imposing stricter rules for participation to achieve more controlled conditions. Our results hint that the impact of the continuity of locomotion on presence, usability, and cybersickness may be less severe in the context of mobile VR than in immersive high-end VR devices. If these findings are corroborated by subsequent studies, they could provide designers of mobile virtual environments (VEs) with more flexibility when developing a suitable locomotion technique for their application.